2010 Annual Research Report

 

   Robert Reedy worked on finishing the analyses of the data from experimental simulations for planetary gamma-ray spectroscopy (GRS) using gamma-ray spectra measured from five sets of 30-ton targets irradiated by 1.5 and 2.5 GeV protons.  He worked on a detailed report on those irradiations.  Work was done on a paper on the experimental part of that project.

 

   Robert Reedy has continued to work with fellow co-Is and team members in Japan, Korea, and France on the analysis of the gamma-ray data from the Japanese lunar orbiter Kaguya (which is part of JAXA’s SELENE lunar exploration program), now with NASA funding. His prime role has been to determine all peaks in those gamma-ray spectra and to assign sources to all peaks.  This work is needed to insure that the gamma rays used to map an element are mainly from the Moon and have no other or known sources.  About 200 peaks have been observed in Kaguya lunar gamma-ray spectra, and most have had their sources identified.  Recent work showed that some peaks in the main germanium detector were gamma rays made in the bismuth germanate anti-coincidence shield.  He helped to write several papers and abstracts on these results.  The Kaguya gamma-ray team formally published the first global map of lunar uranium. 

 

   Robert Reedy has continued his research on cosmic-ray-produced (‘cosmogenic’) nuclides.  He is part of a large team supported by the NSF that is studying cosmogenic nuclides made in situ in terrestrial surface materials.  These nuclides are used to study the recent history of these materials, such as how long they have been on or very near (less than a few meters) the surface of the Earth.  The goal of this project is to get the best systematics possible for the rates for making these nuclides as a function of location and elevation on Earth and of time in the past.  He actively participated at team meetings in Jemez Springs, NM, on 3-6 Aug. 2010, and in Berkeley, CA, on 10-12 Dec. 2010.  Reedy’s recent work has been on studies of how production rates vary with location and elevation on Earth, including work on models using his evaluated cross sections for nuclear reactions. Several abstracts on this work were written and submitted to upcoming 12th International Conference on Accelerator Mass Spectrometry. 

 

   The emphasis of Robert Reedy’s NASA-supported work on cosmogenic nuclides is to calculate production rates for these nuclides and to use those production rates to study the recent histories of extraterrestrial matter, mainly lunar samples and meteorites.  This year past, work was done with co-I Tom Prettyman (PSI) on improving those calculations, especially the codes used to numerically simulate the interactions of cosmic-ray particles with matter and the cross sections for making these nuclides.  He helped to show that the long-lived radionuclides in the early solar systems were probably not made by reactions of energetic particles because the cross sections, including newly measured ones for ³He-induced reactions, are such that it is impossible to make the observed ratios of these radionuclides.  A paper on those results is in revision.  A paper was submitted on a study of 2 Myr ⁶⁰Fe in lunar samples that indicated that the highest concentrations of ⁶⁰Fe was not made by galactic or solar cosmic rays but came from a supernova.  A paper on the work on the Norton County meteorite is in press. Work on noble-gas isotopes made by energetic particles in the surface of Mars and observed in martian meteorites is in revision. Reedy calculated profiles for the production of radionuclides by solar energetic particles as a function of meteoroid radius and sample pre-atmospheric depth.  These calculations were used to study the recent exposure histories of 6 lunar meteorites.  Abstracts for upcoming meetings were written on the above work and on the importance of cosmogenic nuclides in samples returned from solar-system objects. 

 

   Reedy was selected in August 2010 by NASA to be a Participating Scientist for the Dawn at Vesta program.  He has done much work on studies of backgrounds that could appear in the bismuth germanate detector on Dawn.  He attended a team meeting in Albuquerque in Nov. 2010. 

 

Papers:

 

N. Yamashita, N. Hasebe, R. C. Reedy, S. Kobayashi, Y. Karouji, M. Hareyama, E. Shibamura, M.–N. Kobayashi, O. Okudaira, C. d’Uston, O. Gasnault, O. Forni, and K. J. Kim (2010) Uranium on the Moon: The Distribution and U/Th Ratio. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, Issue 10, CiteID L10201, doi:10.1029/2010GL043061. 

 

S. Kobayashi, N. Hasebe, E. Shibamura, O. Okudaira, M. Kobayashi, N. Yamashita, Y. Karouji, M. Hareyama, K. Hayatsu, C. d’Uston, S. Maurice, O. Gasnault, O. Forni, B. Diez, R. C. Reedy, and K. J. Kim (2010) Determining the Absolute Abundances of Natural Radioactive Elements on the Lunar Surface by the Kaguya Gamma-ray Spectrometer. Space Science Reviews 154, 193-218.   

 

K. J. Kim, J. Masarik, and R. C. Reedy (2010) Numerical simulations of production rates for ¹⁰Be, ²⁶Al and ¹⁴C in extraterrestrial matter using the MCNPX code.  In Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, in Nucl. Instrum. Methods B., 268, issue 7-8, 1291-1294 (doi 10.1016/j.nimb.2009.10.155).

 

Robert C. Reedy and Peter A. J. Englert (2010) Lunar Gamma Ray Spectroscopy:  Advancing Lunar Science and Orbital Remote Sensing.  Invited talk in New Advances in Lunar Exploration Proceedings of International Symposium on Lunar Science March 25-26, 2010, Macao. (Macau Univ. Science & Technology, Macau), pp. 25-32. 

 

N. Hasebe, Y. Karouji, O. Okudaira, K. Hayatsu, Y. Takeda, H. Nagaoka, K. Tsukada, J. Machida, S. Sakurai, S. Komatsu, S. Kobayashi, M. Hareyama, T. Okada, E. Shibamura, M.-N. Kobayashi, N. Yamashita, C. d’Uston, O. Gasnault, O. Forni, S. Maurice, K. Kim, R. C. Reedy, and J. M. Dohm (2010) Global Distributions of K, Th, and U on the Moon Observed by Kaguya GRS. Invited talk in New Advances in Lunar Exploration Proceedings of International Symposium on Lunar Science March 25-26, 2010, Macao. (Macau Univ. Science & Technology, Macau), pp. 43-49. 

 

 Yuzuru Karouji, Nobuyuki Hasebe, Osamu Okudaira, Naoyuki Yamashita, Shingo Kobayashi, Makoto Hareyama, Takashi Miyachi, Satoshi, Kodaira, Kazuya Iwabuchi, Kanako Hayatsu, Shinpei Nemoto, Yuko Takeda, Koichi Tsukada, Hiroshi Nagaoka, Masanori Kobayashi, Eido Shibamura, Mitsuru Ebihara, Takeshi Hihara, Tomoko Arai, Takamitsu Sugihara, Hiroshi Takeda, Claude d’Uston, Sylvestre Maurice, Olivier Gasnault, Olivier Forni, Benedicte Diez, Robert C. Reedy, Kyeong J. Kim, Takeshi Takashima, Yuichi Iijima and Hisashi Otake (2010) Distributions of K and Th on the Moon: The Initial Results from Observations by Selene GRS. In Advances in Geosciences - Volume 19: Planetary Science (A. Bhardwaj, Ed.), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., pp. 43-56. 

 

N. Hasebe, N. Yamashita, Y. Karouji, S. Kobayashi, M. Hareyama, S. Komatsu, K. Hayatsu, K. Nemoto, K. Iwabuchi, Y. Takeda, H. Nagaoka, K. Tsukada, J. Machida, O. Okudaira, S. Sakurai, E. Shibamura, M.-N. Kobayashi, M. Ebihara, T. Hihara, T. Arai, T. Sugihara, H. Takeda, C. d’Uston, O. Gasnault, B. Diez, O. Forni, S. Maurice, R. C. Reedy and K. J. Kim (2010) Lunar Gamma-Ray Observation by Kaguya GRS. In Advances in Geosciences - Volume 19: Planetary Science (A. Bhardwaj, Ed.), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., pp. 57-68.   

 

Abstracts:

 

R. C. Reedy, N. Hasebe, Y. Karouji, N. Yamashita, C. d’Uston, O. Forni, O. Gasnault, and the Kaguya GRS team (2010) Analyses of Peaks and Backgrounds in the Spectra Measured by the Kaguya (SELENE) Gamma Ray Spectrometer. Abstracts for the Fourth Kaguya (SELENE) Science Working Team meeting, Tokyo, Japan, 31 January- 2 February 2010.

 

Peter A. J. Englert, Johannes Brückner, Robert C. Reedy, and Darrell M. Drake (2010) Simulation Experiments:  Cross Sections and Complex Gamma-Ray Spectra for Planetary Exploration.  Abstract in New Advances in Lunar Exploration Proceedings of International Symposium on Lunar Science March 25-26, 2010, Macao. (Macau Univ. Science & Technology, Macau), p. 304.

 

Kyeong Ja Kim, Nobuyuki Hasebe, Robert C. Reedy, Peter A. J. Englert, James M. Dohm and Sung Soon Lee (2010) Introduction to the New Korean Research and Education Activities for the Investigation of Lunar Surface. Abstract in New Advances in Lunar Exploration Proceedings of International Symposium on Lunar Science March 25-26, 2010, Macao. (Macau Univ. Science & Technology, Macau), p. 67.

 

J. Brückner, R. C. Reedy, P. A. J. Englert, and D. M. Drake (2010) Analysis of Complex Gamma-Ray Spectra: Simulations for Planetary Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy of Solar-System Bodies. Lunar Planet. Sci. XLI, #1608.

 

D. Fink, J. Klein, R. Middleton, A. Albrecht, P. Ma, G. F. Herzog, D. D. Bogard, L. E. Nyquist, C.-Y. Shih, Y. Reese, D. H. Garrison, J. Masarik, R. C. Reedy, G. Rugel, T. Faestermann, and G. Korschinek (2010) Cosmogenic Samarium-150 and Calcium-41 in Norton County. Lunar Planet. Sci. XLI, #1354.

 

O. Forni, O. Gasnault, C. d’Uston, S. Maurice, N. Hasebe, N. Yamashita, S. Kobayashi, Y. Karouji, M. Hareyama, M. Kobayashi, R. C. Reedy, K. J. Kim and the SELENE GRS team (2010) Large Scale Potassium-Thorium Fractionation Around Imbrium. Lunar Planet. Sci. XLI, #1944.

 

K. J. Kim, R. C. Reedy, D. M. Drake, N. Hasebe (2010) Numerical Simulation of Gamma-Ray and Neutron Production in the Lunar Surface Using the MCNPX Code System. Lunar Planet. Sci. XLI, #2420.

 

K. J. Kim, J. M. Dohm, J.-P. Williams, J. Ruiz, B.-H. Yu, T. M. Hare, N. Hasebe, N. Yamashita, Y. Karouji, S. Kobayashi, M. Hareyama, E. Shibamura, M. Kobayashi, C. d’Uston, O. Gasnault, O. Forni,  and R. C. Reedy (2010) Investigation of the South Pole-Aitken Basin region Using GIS and SELENE Elemental Information. Lunar Planet. Sci. XLI, #2040.

 

 S. Kobayashi, M. Kobayashi, M. Hareyama, N. Hasebe, E. Shibamura, N. Yamashita, Y. Karouji, T. Okada, C. d'Uston, O. Gasnault, O. Forni, R. C. Reedy, K, J. Kim, H. Takeda, T. Arai, T. Sugihara, J. M. Dohm, and Kaguya Gamma Ray Spectrometer team (2010) The Lowest Thorium Region on the Lunar Surface Imaged by Kaguya Gamma-Ray Spectrometer. Lunar Planet. Sci. XLI, #1795.    

 

R. C. Reedy (2010) Backgrounds in Bismuth Germanate (BGO) Gamma-Ray Spectrometers in Space. Lunar Planet. Sci. XLI, #1917. 

 

R. C. Reedy , W. V. Boynton, D. K. Hamara, L. G. Evans, J. Brückner, and O. Gasnault (2010) Peaks in Germanium Planetary Gamma-Ray Spectra:  An Update. Lunar Planet. Sci. XLI, #2422.  

 

N. Hasebe, Y. Karouji, K. Hayatsu, Y. Takeda, K. Tsukada, H. Nagaoka, J. Machida, S. Sakurai, S. Komatsu, S. Kobayashi, M. Hareyama, T. Okada, E. Shibamura, M.-N. Kobayashi, C. d’Uston, O. Gasnault, O. Forni, S. Maurice, N. Yamashita, K. J. Kim, R. C. Reedy, and J. M. Dohm (2010) Incompatible Elements in and near Procellarum KREEP Terrane.  Abstracts for the 7^th Annual Meeting of the Asia Oceania Geosciences Society, 5-9 July 2010, Hyderabad, India. 

Y. Karouji, N. Hasebe, S. Kobayashi, M. Hareyama, N. Yamashita, O. Gasnault, O. Forni, C. d’Uston, R. C. Reedy, E. Shibamura, M. Kobayashi, T. Arai, M. Ebihara, T. Sugihara, H. Takeda, K. J. Kim, J. M. Dohm, K. Hayatsu, H. Nagaoka, J. Machida (2010) Spatially High-Resolution Elemental Maps of the Moon Using Kaguya GRS Data. 73rd Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society, New York, NY, 26-30 July 2010, abstract #5166, Meteoritics & Planet. Sci. 45 (Suppl.), p. A101.

 

M. N. Rao, L. E. Nyquist, D. D. Bogard, D. H. Garrison, S. R. Sutton, and R. C. Reedy (2010) Neutron Irradiation History of a Martian Regolith Component in Shergottites. 73rd Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society, New York, NY, 26-30 July 2010, abstract #5118, Meteoritics & Planet. Sci. 45 (Suppl.), p. A168.

 

R. C. Reedy, G. F. Herzog, and I. Leya (2010) Production Systematics of Radionuclides in Thick Early-Solar-System Matter. 73rd Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society, New York, NY, 26-30 July 2010, abstract #5351. Meteoritics & Planet. Sci. 45 (Suppl.), p. A169. 

 

K. J. Kim, R. C. Reedy, D. Drake, N. Hasebe, R. Starr, and J. H. Lee (2010) Future Planetary Surface Exploration using Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy Combined with a Pulsed Neutron Generator.  Proceedings of the International Symposium of the Science and Utilization of the Moon, Sept. 7-9, 2010, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan. 

 

K. J. Kim, J. M. Dohm, J. Williams, J. Ruiz, B. Yu, T. M. Hare, N. Hasebe, N. Yamashita, Y. Karouji, S. Kobayashi, M. Hareyama, E. Shibamura, M. Kobayashi, C. d’Uston, O. Gasnault, O. Forni, and R. C. Reedy  (2010) The GIS-based geologic investigation of the South Pole-Aitken basin region of the Moon using SELENE elemental information. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2010, abstract #P53D-1547.   

 

D. Argento, R. C. Reedy, and J. Stone (2010) Utilizing Monte Carlo radiation transport and spallation cross sections to estimate nuclide dependent scaling with depth. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2010, abstract #EP33A-0760.