The Documents of the Coronado Expedition
The Documents of the
Ongoing Research and Publication
Richard Flint and Shirley Cushing Flint, who direct the Documents
of the
report ongoing work on four research and publishing projects:
1) Soon to be released by Southern Methodist University Press is Great
Cruelties Have Been Reported, the 1544 Investigation of the
Expedition. In it Richard presents an annotated paleographic transcription
and English translation of the lengthy documentary record of investigation
of the expedition's treatment of the native peoples of the Greater
Southwest, together with detailed analysis of contacts between the
expedition and ancestral patas,
CHAPTER 1
THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
CHAPTER 2
THE TEXTS AND EDITORIAL PROTOCOLS
The Texts
Transcription and Translation Protocols
Abbreviations Used in this Text
CHAPTER 3
LORENZO DE TEJADA
AND THE BEGINNING OF THE INVESTIGATION
Spanish Concern Over Treatment of Indians
The Residencia, Visita, and Pesquisa Traditions
An Investigation Is Launched
A Transcript of the Documentary Record
A Translation of the Documentary Record
CHAPTER 4
THE FIRST DE OFICIO WITNESSES,
FRANCISCA DE HOZES AND ALONSO SNCHEZ
A Woman and Her Husband
A Transcript of the Testimony
A Translation of the Testimony
CHAPTER 5
JUAN GMEZ DE PARADINAS,
THE THIRD DE OFICIO WITNESS
A Tailor, Alguacil, and Billeting Officer
A Transcript of the Testimony
A Translation of the Testimony
CHAPTER 6
DOMINGO MARTN,
THE FOURTH DE OFICIO WITNESS
A Veteran of the Conquest of
A Transcript of the Testimony
A Translation of the Testimony
CHAPTER 7
JUAN DE CONTRERAS,
THE FIFTH DE OFICIO WITNESS
The Head Groom
A Transcript of the Testimony
A Translation of the Testimony
CHAPTER 8
RODRIGO XIMN,
THE SIXTH DE OFICIO WITNESS
A Veteran of the Conquest of Nueva
A Transcript of the Testimony
A Translation of the Testimony
CHAPTER 9
CRISTBAL DE ESCOBAR,
THE SEVENTH DE OFICIO WITNESS
A Recent Arrival in the
A Transcript of the Testimony
A Translation of the Testimony
CHAPTER 10
JUAN TROYANO,
THE EIGHTH DE OFICIO WITNESS
A Professional Military Man
A Transcript of the Testimony
A Translation of the Testimony
CHAPTER 11
RODRIGO DE FRAS,
THE NINTH DE OFICIO WITNESS
A Member of the Advance Guard
A Transcript of the Testimony
A Translation of the Testimony
CHAPTER 12
MELCHIOR PEREZ,
THE TENTH DE OFICIO WITNESS
Son of the Previous Governor
A Transcript of the Testimony
A Translation of the Testimony
CHAPTER 13
PEDRO DE LEDESMA,
THE ELEVENTH DE OFICIO WITNESS
A Member of Vazquez de Coronado's Household
A Transcript of the Testimony
A Translation of the Testimony
CHAPTER 14
JUAN DE ZALDVAR,
THE TWELFTH DE OFICIO WITNESS
A Captain
A Transcript of the Testimony
A Translation of the Testimony
CHAPTER 15
THE NOMINAL TARGET OF THE INVESTIGATION,
FRANCISCO VZQUEZ DE
Investor and Captain General
A Transcript of the Testimony
A Translation of the Testimony
CHAPTER 16
ALONSO LVAREZ,
THE FOURTEENTH DE OFICIO WITNESS
The Standard Bearer
A Transcript of the Testimony
A Translation of the Testimony
CHAPTER 17
THE FISCAL'S ACCUSATIONS
AGAINST VZQUEZ DE
The Fiscal Cristobal de Benavente
A Transcript of the Documentary Record
A Translation of the Documentary Record
CHAPTER 18
THE MAESTRE DE CAMPO HELD RESPONSIBLE
The Penalty Paid By Garcia Lopez de Cardenas
A Transcript of the Documentary Record
A Translation of the Documentary Record
CHAPTER 19
DEFENSE OFFERED BY VZQUEZ DE
Francisco Pilo and The Beginning of
Testimony In the
Little-Known Lorenzo lvarez
A Transcript of the Documentary Record
A Translation of the Documentary Record
CHAPTER 20
DIEGO LPEZ,
THE SECOND DE PARTE WITNESS
A Councilman of Sevilla
And Veteran of the Conquest of Nueva
A Transcript of the Testimony
A Translation of the Testimony
CHAPTER 21
LUIS DE FIGUEREDO,
THE THIRD DE PARTE WITNESS
Sent to
A Transcript of the Testimony
A Translation of the Testimony
CHAPTER 22
PEDRO DE TOVAR,
THE FOURTH DE PARTE WITNESS
Captain and Nephew to the Viceroy
A Transcript of the Testimony
A Translation of the Testimony
CHAPTER 23
FURTHER DEFENSE
Summary of Testimony in
A Transcript of the Testimony Summary
A Translation of the Testimony Summary
CHAPTER 24
A FINAL AND DEFINITIVE DECISION
The Captain General Exonerated
A Transcript of the Decisions
A Translation of the Decisions
CHAPTER 25
PARTISAN TESTIMONY
AS SOURCE MATERIAL FOR HISTORY
The Witnesses as Typical Members of the
Expedition
Distinguishing Status and Vinculos
Partisan Testimony and Foregone Conclusions
Cultural Bias and Associational Slant
Summary of the Testimony Concerning
Brutality and Cruelty
CHAPTER 26
RESULTS AND REPERCUSSIONS OF THE
EXPEDITION TO TIERRA NUEVA FROM
DOCUMENTARY AND ARCHEOLOGICAL SOURCES
Requerimiento and Response
Corollary Pressures
A Sunday School Picnic?
A New Social Configuration in the Middle
Transmission of Pathogens, Transplantation of People, and
Acquisition of Knowledge
Conclusion
AFTERWORD
APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1
ORIGINS, AGES, AND ARRIVAL OF 115 MEMBERS
OF THE EXPEDITION TO TIERRA NUEVA
APPENDIX 2
BIOGRAPHICAL DATA
APPENDIX 3
GEOGRAPHICAL DATA
2) Our current major project is publication of the first comprehensive,
annotated, dual-language edition of 35 documents of the
expedition. To be titled 'They Were Not Familiar with His Majesty, Nor Did
They Want To Be His Subjects': Documents of the
1540-42, the one-volume documentary edition will include what, since 1940,
has been the canon of primary sources for study of the expedition, as well
as 14 documents never before available in English. During spring 2002 we
will be doing research for annotations for 'They Were Not Familiar...' at
the Archivo General de
This edition (which should be out in 2004) will dramatically
increase the quantity and quality of sources in print dealing with the
expedition. The calendar of documents to be included in the edition is as
follows:
Calendar of Documents
(1) Letter of Vazquez de Coronado to the King,
AGI,
Location of original: Archivo General de
(2) Letter of Vazquez de Coronado to the Viceroy,
Ramusio, Navigationi et Viaggi, III, 354-355: 1/2 printed page.
Location of 1556 edition: History Library,
(3) Letter of Vazquez de Coronado to the King,
AGI,
Location of original: Archivo General de
(4) Letter of the Viceroy to the King, 1539
Ramusio, Navigationi et Viaggi, III, 355: 1 printed page.
Location of 1556 edition: History Library,
(5) Decree of the King, appointing Vazquez de Coronado governor of Nueva
Antonio Tello, Cronica Miscelanea, Libro Segundo, II, fols. 406v
and 407r: 2 fol. sides.
Location of original: John Carter Brown Library,
(6) The Viceroy's Instructions to fray Marcos de Niza, November 1538
AGI, Patronato 20, N.5, R.10: 2 1/2 fol. sides.
Location of original: Archivo General de
and
Narrative Account by fray Marcos de Niza,
AGI, Patronato 20, N.5, R.10: 32 1/2 fol. sides.
Location of original: Archivo General de
(7) Letter from Rodrigo de Albornoz,
Tercera Parte, Libro XL, Capitulo I, Historia General y Natural de
las
Location of original: Colecciones Munoz y Salazar, Biblioteca de
la Real Academia de la Historia,
(8) Testimony of Witnesses in
November 1539
AGI, Patronato 21, N.2, R.4: 8 fol. sides.
Location of original: Archivo General de
(9) The Viceroy's Appointment of Vazquez de Coronado to Lead the
Expedition,
AGI, Justicia 339, N.1, R.1: 6 fol. sides.
Location of original: Archivo General de
(10) The King's Confirmation of Vazquez de Coronado's Appointment, June 11,
1540
2 fol. sides.
Private collection,
(11) Testimony of Vazquez de Coronado's Purchasing Agent (Juan Verdejo),
1553
AGI, Justicia, 336, N.1: 6 fol. sides.
Location of original: Archivo General de
(12) Muster Roll of the Expedition,
AGI,
Location of original: Archivo General de
(13) Record of Mexican Indians Participating in the Expedition, 1576
Add MSS 31219, Chronicle of Mexican History to 1576, continued to
1607 (Codice Aubin), fols. 46v and 47r: 2 fol. sides.
Location of original: Library of the
(14) Hearing on Depopulation Charges,
AGI, Patronato 21, N.2, R.3: 12 fol. sides.
Location of original: Archivo General de
(15) The Viceroy's Instructions to Hernando Alarcon, May 31, 1541
Biblioteca del Escorial, codice &-II-7, Doc. # LXVI and Doc. #
LXVII: 6 fol. sides.
Location of original: Biblioteca del Escorial
(16) Narrative of Alarcon's Voyage, 1540
Ramusio, Navigationi et Viaggi, III, 363-370: 13 printed pages.
Location of 1556 edition: History Library,
(17) The Viceroy's Letter to the King,
AGI, Patronato 184, R.31: 6 fol. sides.
Location of original: Archivo General de
(17a) Memorial de Hernan Cortes a Carlos V acerca de los Agravios que le
hizo el Virrey de la Nueva Espana,
AGI, signature to be determined (see Documentos Cortesianos,
4:210-5)
Location of original: Archivo General de
(18) Vazquez de Coronado's Letter to the Viceroy,
Ramusio, Navigationi et Viaggi, III, 373-380: 15 printed pages.
Location of 1556 edition: History Library,
(18a) Account of Pedro de Alvarado's Armada, 1541
Tercera Parte, Libro XL, Capitulo II, Historia General y Natural de
las
Location of original: Colecciones Munoz y Salazar, Biblioteca de
la Real Academia de la Historia,
(19) Formation of Company between Mendoza and Pedro de Alvarado,
AGI, Patronato, 21, N.3, R.2: 10 fol. sides.
Location of original: Archivo General de
(20) Anonymous Narrative (Traslado de las Nuevas), 1540
AGI, Patronato 20, N.5, R.8: 3 fol. sides.
Location of original: Archivo General de
(21) Hernando de Alvarado's Narrative, 1540
AGI, Patronato, 26, R.23: 8 fol. sides.
Location of original: Archivo General de
(22) Vazquez de Coronado's Letter to the King,
AGI, Patronato, 184, R.34: 4 fol. sides.
Location of original: Archivo General de
(23) Disposal of the Juan Jimenez estate, 1542 [copy, 1550]
AGI, Contratacion, 5575, N.24: 61 fol. sides.
Location of original: Archivo General de
(24) Pedro de Castaneda's Narrative, 1560s [copy, 1596]
NY Public Library, Rich Coll. no. 63: 316 fol. sides.
Location of original:
Archives Section
(25) Anonymous Narrative (Relacion del Suceso), 1540s
AGI, Patronato 20, N.5, R.8: 10 fol. sides.
Location of original: Archivo General de
(25a) Letter from Viceroy Mendoza to Fernandez de Oviedo,
Segunda Parte, Libro XXXIII, Capitulo LII, Historia General y
Natural de las
Location of original: Colecciones Munoz y Salazar, Biblioteca de
la Real Academia de la Historia,
(26) Juan de Jaramillo's Narrative, 1560s
AGI, Patronato, 20, N.5, R.8: 12 fol. sides.
Location of original: Archivo General de
(27) Toribio Benavente's Narrative (Relacion Postrera de Cibola), 1540s
UT, Austin, Benson Coll., JGI 31 XVI C, fols 123v-124v: 2 1/2 fol.
sides
Location of original:
American Collection
(28) Juan Troyano's Proof of Service, 1560
AGI,
Location of original: Archivo General de
(29) Melchior Perez's Petition for Preferment, 1551
UC,
Location of original:
Library
(30) Cristobal de Escobar's Proof of Service, 1543
AGI,
Location of original: Archivo Generiw@"0ivilla
(31) Vcez de Coronado's Petition for Recovery of Encomiendas, 1553
AGI, Justicia, 336, N.1, fols. 3r-3v: 2 fol. sides.
Location of original: Archivo General de
3) At the same time, we have completed editorial work on From the
Distance of 460 Years: Contemporary Vantage on the
Scheduled for publication by the
2003, this book comprises 17 chapters written by a group of well-known
researchers who participated in conference of similar name in April 2000
at
fascinating research regarding the expedition from historical,
anthropological, archeological, geographical, environmental, and textual
analysis perspectives. They represent many of the ingredients which are
contributing to a thorough revisioning of the expedition. The list of
contents follows:
Introduction: "From the Distance of 460 Years"
Richard Flint and Shirley Cushing Flint
Chapter 1, John L. Kessell, "To See Such Marvels with My Own Eyes: Spanish
Exploration in the Western Borderlands."
Chapter 2, William K. Hartmann and Richard Flint, "Who Knew What and When
Did They Know It?"
Chapter 3, Shirley Cushing Flint, "The Financing and Provisioning of the
Chapter 4, Richard Flint, "What's Missing from this Picture, The Alarde or
Muster Roll of the
Chapter 5, William K. Hartmann and Betty Graham Lee, "Chichilticale: A
Survey of Candidate Ruins in and about the
Chapter 6, John H. Madsen, "Spanish Artifacts, a Trail, and a Diary: An
Eighteenth-Century Trail from
Chapter 7, Ann F. Ramenofsky and David Vaughan, "Jars Full of Shiny Metal."
Chapter 8, Harry C. Myers, "The Mystery of the Buffalo Plains:
Route from the
Chapter 9, Richard Flint, "Reconciling the Calendars of the
Expedition, Tiguex to the Second Barranca, April and May 1541"
Chapter 10, Panel Discussion, "Bison Hunters of the Llano in 1541, their
Identity and Territory." Donald J. Blakeslee, Douglas K. Boyd, Richard
Carroll L. Riley.
Chapter 11, Nancy P. Hickerson, "The War for the South Plains, c.
1500-1700."
Chapter 12, Donald J. Blakeslee and Jay C. Blaine, "The Jimmy Owens Site:
New Perspectives on the
Chapter 13, John Miller Morris, "First Arrivals: Coronado, Hank Smith, and
the Old Springs of
Chapter 14, Frank Gagne, "Spanish Crossbow Boltheads of Sixteenth-Century
Chapter 15, Dee Brecheisen, "Looking at a Horseshoe."
Chapter 16, Maureen Ahern, "Llevando el norte sobre el ojo izquierdo:
Mapping, Measuring, and Naming in Castaneda's Relacion de la Jornada de
Chapter 17, Felix Barboza-Retana, "Two Conquests, Two Discoveries, and Two
Vazquez de Coronado."
4) Shirley continues her research and writing for a book titled The
Estrada Women: the Power of Family Structure in Sixteenth-Century New
in the family of Beatriz de Estrada, Francisco Vazquez de Coronado's wife.
For many years these women figured prominently in the political, economic,
and religious life of
broad working outline of The Estrada Women follows:
Introduction
What started out as simple wonderment has turned into an odyssey.
Little did I know that answering the question "Who was this reportedly
young and beautiful wife Francisco Vazquez de Coronado left to pine in
me on such a long and as yet incomplete journey to the archives of
and
Caballeria and Alonso de Estrada (Almagro and
haunts and neighborhoods in
shifted focus from Beatriz de Estrada as the prime person of interest to
her mother, Marina, her sisters and her children, along with husbands and
other relatives. The lens has widened from a single person to a large
family network and as such has broadened our understanding of the Colonial
society in the first 100 years of Mexican history. By looking at just this
one family, pedominantly a family of women, we can see deep into the
structure of everyday life. History is not just a tally of the grand
moments, it is much more. It consists of each moment lived by ordinary
people in very ordinary ways, which in total define history and provides
the matrix for those much studied, "grander" moments.
The Family
1. Marina and Alonso
2. Their children
The Politics
3. Public office (Royal Treasurer and Governor of New Spain)
4. Cortez
5. Rebellion or not (
6. Women
The Land and People
7. Encomiendas
8. Resources and sources of wealth
The Marriages
9. Love or politics
10.
The Consequences
11. Family ties
12. Political allegiances
13. Transformation
14. Effects on the
The Family
15. Deaths
16. Legacy: grandchildren
